Dec 01, 2004 grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is specifically transmitted from plant to plant by the ectoparasitic nematode xiphinema index. Walter b, bass p, cornuet p, legin r, fuchs m, 1991. Al rwahnih and coworkers at the university of california, davis reported the identification of a novel reovirus named grapevine cabernet sauvignon reovirus gcsv using nextgeneration sequencing. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is a member of the genus nepovirus in the family comoviridae, a widely distributed virus responsible for grapevine vitis vinifera degeneration. From a movementdeficient grapevine fanleaf virus to the. Virus and viruslike diseases of berries, fruit and. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv thermo fisher scientific. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv00world distribution eppo. It infects grapevines, causing chlorosis of the leaves and lowering the fruit quality. To date, grapevine is susceptible to 64 viruses that belong to highly diverse taxonomic groups. The genome of gflv consists of two positive rna strands, polyadenylated at their 3.
Fanleaf degeneration is the viral grapevine disease with the longest known historical record, being identifiable from herbarium specimens more than 200 years old. The symptoms are similar to those of fanleaf and mixed infections of armv and grapevine fanleaf virus are common. It is transmitted via a nematode vector, xiphinema index. Incidence and distributions of grapevine fanleaf virus in. Grapevine fanleaf virus is one of the most severe diseases which affect adversely grape yields and fruit quality all over the world. Fanleaf degenerationdecline disease of grapevines pdf. Oct 28, 2015 how to treat powdery mildew and stop vine borers. Viruses of grapevines there are in excess of 60 recognised virus and viruslike diseases of grapevines worldwide. Occurrence of grapevine fanleaf virus gflv and grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 glrav 3 in the azorean islands pico and terceira.
Pdf summary grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is responsible for fan leaf degeneration, which is one of the most severe virus diseases of grapevines. Incidence of four important viral pathogens in canadian vineyards. These revealed that the gflv populations of iran and slovenia were highly distinct, whereas those of france, germany, italy and the usa were. Grapevine fanleaf gflv, nepovirus grapevine fanleaf. Grapevine fanleaf virus symptoms yellow mosaic pattern on leaf l and bright yellow vein banding on leaf. Artichoke italian latent virus, grapevine bulgarian latent virus, grapevine tunisian ringspot virus were included in the. A sensitive and reliable procedure was developed to readily detect gflv in a single viruliferous x. Grapevine fanleaf virus capsid stock image c0142317. First report of grapevine fanleaf virus infecting grapevine in the united kingdom.
Unfortunately, grape problems, like grapevine fanleaf virus, arent uncommon, making growing grapes a significant challenge. Profiling viruses associated with grapevine leafroll. The viral determinants involved in the specific transmission of grapevine fanleaf virus gflv by its nematode vector xiphinema index are located within the 5 cterminal residues of the rna2encoded polyprotein, that is, the 9 cterminal amino acids of the movement protein 2bmp and contiguous 504 amino acids of the coat protein 2ccp. Yield loss was higher in chardonnay 63 percent as compared. In recent years, grape acreage has increased dramatically in new regions, including the united states of america, chile, asia china and india, and turkey.
The latest research on grapevine viruses and phytoplasmas pasquale saldarelli figure 2. Mar 01, 2004 the viral determinants involved in the specific transmission of grapevine fanleaf virus gflv by its nematode vector xiphinema index are located within the 5 cterminal residues of the rna2encoded polyprotein, that is, the 9 cterminal amino acids of the movement protein 2bmp and contiguous 504 amino acids of the coat protein 2ccp. Optical densities of positive and negative reactions of nicotiana benthamiana plants inoculated with the grapevine fanleaf virus. Observations were done under an epifluorescence microscope nikon eclipse e with adequate filters. Gflv is defined as grapevine fanleaf virus somewhat frequently.
It is also transmissible in sap from root tips or etiolated shoots of diseased grapevine ground in phosphate buffer at ph 7. Grapevine fanleaf degeneration is a common grape virus transmitted by dagger nematodes. Pdf replication of grapevine fanleaf virus satellite rna. Preliminary results of crossprotection experiments against grapevine fanleaf virus gflv in the vineyards. The virus particles are 28 nm in diameter and can only multiply inside a host. Similar information is available vanleaf animal viruses and has been described extensively in the literature, more particularly for poliovirus, the type member of picornaviridae. Scouting notes in ontario, symptoms are best seen in june before the onset of warmer temperatures. Help pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects.
Uc management guidelines for virus diseases on grape. Usdaars horticultural crops research laboratory, corvallis, or 97330. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv and arabis mosaic virus armv are nepoviruses responsible for grapevine degeneration. On establishment, and every 5 years thereafter, these plants are subjected to compulsory tests for glrav1, 2, and 3 goszczynski et al. First report of grapevine fanleaf virus infecting grapevine in the. In an attempt to induce virus resistance we introduced nine different constructs containing chimeric coat protein cp genes of grapevine fanleaf virus gflv, including nontranslatable and truncated forms of the cp gene, arabis mosaic virus armv, grapevine virus a gva, and grapevine virus b gvb first into the herbaceous host nicotiana. Species scientific name, diseases common names, glossary, crops.
The specific transmission of grapevine fanleaf virus by its. Grapevine fanleaf virus resistance screening in a 10114 x. Sensitive and reliable detection of grapevine fanleaf. Pdf detection and identification of a new isolate of. Population genetic analysis of grapevine fanleaf virus. Symptoms of arabis mosaic virus are promoted by cool early summer weather and in many cases disappear with the onset of warmer weather. Grapevine fanleaf virus how is grapevine fanleaf virus.
Grapevines harbor over 60 virus and virus like agents that cause a range of disease symptoms that can vary from mild causing little to no economic effect to very serious causing reduced yield, delayed ripening, and even vine death. The dagger nematode as a vector for grapevine fanleaf virus. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv belongs to the plant nepovirus genus i. Symptoms of arabis mosaic virus armv include mottling and flecking on the leaves and leaf deformation including enations bumps. Electronmicrograph of purified grapevine fanleaf virus particles of 28 nm in diameter. This plant virus is named for its infection of grape vines. Grapevine fanleaf gflv, nepovirus grapevine fanleaf virus. During our survey in 2009 season, grapevine fleck virus gfkv was detected in cv. Procedures and activities annual meetings are conducted so that participants and others of diverse interests can be made aware of the most current research and issues in the field of virus and viruslike diseases of berries, fruit and nut trees and grapevines. Still a major threat to the grapevine industry article pdf available in journal of plant pathology 863 november 2004 with 705 reads how we measure reads.
Structural insights into viral determinants of nematode mediated. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is thought to be the most serious virus disease affecting grapevines. World distribution of grapevine fanleaf virus gflv00 eppo global database. Levels of the grapevine leafroll associated viruses were much higher in our tests. Grapevine fanleaf virus is a member of the nepovirus group, a group containing many viruses that are transmitted by nematodes nepo stands for. Transmission of strains of grapevine fanleaf virus by. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page grapevine virus a gva was initially thought to resemble viruses included in the family closteroviridae conti et al.
The use of chenopodium album is recommended for determining str. A total of 3,454 leaf samples were randomly collected from 25 vineyards and virus incidence was subsequently assessed by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay elisa. The main etiological agent of fanleaf disease is grapevine fanleaf virus gflv, which occurs in almost all regions where v. Xiphinema index can cause yield reduction in some varieties but is more important for its transmission of grapevine fanleaf virus causal agent of grapevine fanleaf degeneration disease.
The boxed region in panel i is shown enlarged in panel j. Sensitive and reliable detection of grapevine fanleaf virus. Fanleaf causes distortion of leaves and may cause unusual chlorotic yellow patterns on leaves such as a yellow mosaic or yellow veins. Arabis mosaic virus grapevine fanleaf virus ephyra store. Grapevine fanleaf virus complete yellowing of the lamina and veins of a leaf at the base of a grapevine plant infected by the fanleaf virus. Ecology and management of grapevine leafroll disease. Hanging from trellises and arbors, grapes provide beautiful leaf cover and abundant fruit when theyre happy and healthy. The domestication of grapes dates back five thousand years ago and has spread to nearly all continents. In a sample grapevine population, increased acquisition access feeding time by nematode vectors, xiphinema index, caused an increase in the number of plants subsequently becoming infected by grapevine fanleaf virus. Many have obvious detrimental effects on vines, shortening the productive life of the vineyard and causing loss in yield and quality of fruit, reduced vine growth and loss in cane pruning weight, graft incompatibility, and vine. Population genetic analysis of grapevine fanleaf virus gflv was done on the basis of the virus movement protein mp gene sequences from the isolates detected and identified in this study and those of all previously reported gflv strainsisolates. A capsid consists of subunits called capsomeres that selfassemble to form the shell seen here. Grapevine fanleaf virus how is grapevine fanleaf virus abbreviated.
However, gva is now recognized as the type species of the vitivirus genus. Viruses of grapevines there are in excess of 60 recognised virus and virus like diseases of grapevines worldwide. Replication of grapevine fanleaf virus satellite rna transcripts in chenopodium quinoa protoplasts article pdf available in journal of general virology 73 pt 1010. Department of plant pathology, washington state university, irrigated agriculture research and extension center, prosser, wa 99350. Fanleaf degenerationdecline disease of grapevines ecommons. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is specifically transmitted from plant to plant by the ectoparasitic nematode xiphinema index. Control of viruses infecting grapevine sciencedirect. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is chatacterised by malformations of leaves and canes, and by various chlorotic discolorations of the foliage and spreads over medium and long distances in infected propagative material, soil and between plants in the field. Check the presence of this virus with bioreba elisa kits. Grapevines harbor over 60 virus and viruslike agents that cause a range of disease symptoms that can vary from mild causing little to no economic effect to very serious causing reduced yield, delayed ripening, and even vine death.
Prevalence and diversity of grapevine fanleaf virus in southern spain. Tim martinson1, marc fuchs2, greg loeb3 and harvey hoch2. Proceedings of the 2nd annual national viticulture research conference july 911, 2008 university of california, davis 52 the occurrence of grapevine fanleaf virus. Apr 24, 20 on establishment, and every 5 years thereafter, these plants are subjected to compulsory tests for glrav1, 2, and 3 goszczynski et al. If you suspect fanleaf degeneration of grapes in your vineyard or garden, read on for more valuable information. Extended abstracts of the 12th meeting icvg, lisbon, portugal, 29 september2 october 1997, 114. Grapevine virus a how is grapevine virus a abbreviated. Pathogentested material of grapevine varieties and rootstocks. Grapevine virus b gvb and two viruses associated with grapevine degeneration grapvine fanleaf virus gflv and tomato ring spot virus in several wine grape cultivars. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is a plant pathogenic virus of the family secoviridae. Grapevine fanleaf gflv nepovirus grapevine fanleaf virus grapevine fanleaf gflv nepovirus grapevine fanleaf virus is a viral pathogen of grapes. Infected plants may have shortened internodes and exhibit vine decline symptoms.
General information about grapevine fanleaf virus gflv00 eppo global database. Fanleaf degeneration of grape specialized websites. The latest research on grapevine viruses and phytoplasmas. Because of its effect on grape yield, gflv is a pathogen of commercial importance. Infection by grapevine fanleaf nepovirus gflv, a bipartite rna virus of positive polarity belonging to the comoviridae family, causes extensive cytopathic. The virus was earlier designated grapevine closterovirus, grapevine stem pittingassociated closterovirus and grapevine stem pittingassociated virus chevalier et al.
Grapevine fanleaf virus may be transmitted mechanically from grapevine tissue to herbaceous plants by grinding 1 g young leaf tissue in 5 ml 2. In viruses, the capsid is the protein shell that encloses the genetic material. It is regarded as the oldest viral disease of this crop that existed in the mediterranean and near east since the very beginning of viticulture and has spread afterward all over the world. A straight line approximates the increase when the number of plants within the population that becomes infected is plotted against the logarithm of acquisition access feeding time. Nakhla2 1 department of biotechnology, faculty of agricultural technology, albalqa applied university, 19117 alsalt, jordan. The specific transmission of grapevine fanleaf virus by its nematode vector xiphinema index is solely determined by the viral coat protein. Grapevine leafroll virus an increasing problem in the. It is transmitted by the nematode worm xiphinema index. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is a plant pathogenic virus of the family comoviridae. Not only is it one of the most severe viral diseases of grapes, but the oldest known, with descriptions going back to 1841. They are specifically transmitted from grapevine to grapevine by two distinct. Department of plant pathology, washington state university, irrigated agriculture research and extension center. Grapevine fanleaf virus symptoms stunted, zigzag shoot with fanshaped leaves.
Jun 24, 2012 population genetic analysis of grapevine fanleaf virus gflv was done on the basis of the virus movement protein mp gene sequences from the isolates detected and identified in this study and those of all previously reported gflv strainsisolates. The incidence and distribution of grapevine fanleaf virus gflv were investigated in two viticultural regions of northeastern iran bojnurd and kashmar during the 2005 growing season. Nakhla2 1 department of biotechnology, faculty of agricultural technology. Interactions between arabis mosaic virus and grapevine fanleaf virus isolates. Andrew walker department of viticulture and enology, uc davis. This virus infection results in deformed, yellowed leaves and affects the size and amount of grape crops. Both ring and dagger nematodes feed from outside the roots ectoparasites, but. Arabis mosaic virus armv and grapevine fanleaf virus gflv on grapevine.
The occurrence of grapevine fanleaf virus in washington. Gary pilarchik the rusted garden recommended for you. The assay is based on bead milling to disrupt nematodes extracted from soil samples. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv, a picornalike virus from plants, is transmitted specifically by the ectoparasitic nematode xiphinema index. Plants that are infected with gflv may be reduced in size compared to healthy plants. Fanleaf symptoms are best observed early in the growing season. This nematode acquires the virus through feeding on roots of an infected plant, and. The advent of powerful molecular and metagenomics technologies, such as molecular cloning and next generation sequencing, allowed the discovery of new viruses from grapes. Extended abstracts of the 11th meeting icvg, montreux, switzerland, 69 september, 167168.
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